Serum-hepatocyte Growth Factor (S-HGF) in Diagnosis of SPNs

Serum-hepatocyte Growth Factor (S-HGF) in Diagnosis of SPNs Value of hepatocyte growth factor in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules[F1] Haixin Yu, Yan Wang*, Wenduan Ma, Haixiang Yu, Shengtao Shang Abstract Purpose: To evaluate serum-hepatocyte growth factor (S-HGF) in the differentiation of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs)[F2].[F3] Methods: The study comprised 42 serum samples from SPN patients and 10 healthy samples as control. The HGF was measured by the commercially available immunoassay[F4].[F5] Serum levels of HGF of 42 patients with SPN was measured by ELISA kit, and compared with the control group of 10 normal subjects. The nodules were diagnosed by operation and pathology. Results: The median level of S-HGF was 180( range from 100 to 300) pg/ ml in the healthy control group, 165( range from 100 to 400) pg/ ml in benign SPNs group and while 395( range from 100 to 1550) pg/ ml in malignant SPNs group, The S-HGF mean level of malignant group was significantly higher than the with significant difference observed between the malignant group and control group(P. Moreover, the malignant group was also significantly higher than the , and between the malignant group and the benign group(Pwhile no significant difference between the benign , but not between the benign group and the control group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). Furthermore, the S-HGF was also shown no statistically significant difference was observed(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05) in different pathologic types of the limited number of lung cancer patients.In addition, when S-HGF in different pathologic types of the limited number of lung cancer patients were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed (Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). Conclusion: S-HGF is valuable in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. It was suggest that the patients with SPNs should consider an operation when the S-HGF level ≠¥250pg/ml, and malignant SPNs are highly suspected while S-HGF level ≠¥400pg/ml, surgical intervention should be taken immediately.S-HGF is valuable in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. An elevated S-HGF level≠¥250pg/ml in patients with SPNs may strongly speak for malignant nodules and operation is suggested. If S-HGF level ≠¥400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected, active surgical intervention should be taken. Key words: diagnosis, hepatocyte growth factor, solitary pulmonary nodule, NSCLClung cancer 1. Introduction The solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is a single mass in the lung less than or equal to 3 cm in diameter, without concomitant pneumonia and atelectasis of involved lung segments and lobes [1]. In the general population, it’s reported that approximately 5% of SPN patients show lung cancer by radiology [2], which is considered one of the most common forms of cancer with a high death incidence ratio in the world [3]. Diagnoses of benign and malignant SPN has been concerned and become a challenge in these decades [4, 5]. Therefore, it is utmost important to improve the method in the characterization of SPNs[6].   With the development of modern medical science and technology, several detecting and monitoring method were used in screening the SPNs and lung cancer [2, 7, 8], Momen[9] et al. have compared three detection methods for identifying malignant SPNs for the sensitivity and specificity. The positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was consistently higher (80 to 100%) for its sensitivity, while was with lower specificity and larger variation (40 to 100%). Also, they found the similar results in dynamic CT with enhancement (sensitivity, 98 to 100%; specificity, 54 to 93%). In studies of CT-guided needle biopsy, sensitivity and specificity performed excellent, but nondiagnostic results were seen approximately 20%. Dalli[8] et al. also showed the similar result in 2013. While Carsten[10] et al. suggested that routine flexible bronchoscopy should be included in the pre-operative work-up of patients with SPNs in his study. Even so, it seems to find a better detection method of long cancer an d characterization of SPNs is still necessary. Serum-hepatocyte growth factor (S-HGF, Serum-HGF) is an important fibroblast-secreted protein that mediates development and progression of cancers[11]. Nagio et al. [12] gave the evidence that the S-HGF levels of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were significantly higher than those of patients with benign SPNs and healthy subjects. Ujiie et al[13] had proved that the levels of HGF in serum could be used as prognostic indicators of the patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing surgery and chemotherapy. Kasahara et al. [14] found that higher HGF levels were significantly associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of S-HGF could be a sensitive indicator and an independent biomarker for evaluating the therapeutic effects and the prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Therefore, we give the hypothesis that S-HGF may be a potential targ et in diagnoses of benign and malignant SPNs associated with lung cancer. In our study, we used Enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISA) method to detect the S-HGF levels between different serum samples from SPNs patients and healthy subjects. The solitary pulmonary nodule(SPN) is defined as a round opacity ≠¤3 cm in diameter surrounded by lung parenchyma[1].There should be no associated with hilar lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, pneumonia or chest wall pathologies. With more importance attached to physical examination and the development of medical imaging examination technology, the detection rate of SPN is on the increase. In the general population, approximately 5% of all SPNs shown by radiology are reported to be carcinomas[2]. In eight large trials of lung cancer screening, Momen et al[3] have compared the sensitivity and specificity in three detection methods for identifying malignant SPNs. The sensitivity of PET imaging was consistently high (80 to 100%), whereas specificity was lower and more variable (40 to 100%). They found similar results in dynamic CT with enhancement(sensitivity, 98 to 100%; specificity, 54 to 93%).In studies of CT-guided needle biopsy, sensitivity and specificity were excellent, but nondiagnostic results were seen approximately 20% of the time. Carsten et al[4], in a study of 225 patients with SPN of unknown origin, observed that the bronchoscopic biopsy results were positive in 84(46.5%) patients with lung cancer. The differential diagnosis between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is always a difficult point in clinical practice. In this study, we inv estigate the clinical significance of the serum level of hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) in patients with SPNs. 2. Methods 2.1. Patients According to the definition, inclusion criteria was setà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 1à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °On computed tomography (CT), SPN is a round opacity ≠¤3 cm in diameter surrounded by lung parenchyma.à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 2à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °There should be no associated with hilar lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, pneumonia or chest wall pathologies.à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 3à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Regardless of age and gender. In consideration of some influences, exclusion criteria was setà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(1)Inflammation or infection within a month. (2)Surgery or trauma within 6 months. (3)Various liver diseases. (4)Chronic renal failure. (5)Arteriosclerosis. (6)Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. (7)Diabetes mellitus. The case group included 42 patients with SPNs, mean age 60.7 years (range, 42 to 72). Besides, 10 healthy adult subjects were chosen as control. 2.2. Specimen collection The morning fasting venous blood of all subjects was collected in sterile polypropylene tubes, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and immediately centrifuged at 400rpm for 10min. Then, the plasma was stored at -70 °C until the assays were performed. 2.3. Assay for S-HGF We used Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) to measure S-HGF. The HGF monoclonal antibody and standard substance for the assays were purchased from American RD systems. Goat-anti-human HGF polyclonal antibody as the primary antibody and donkey-anti-goat IgG polyclonal antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase as the secondary antibody were both purchased from British biotech company Abcam. 2.4. Pathological diagnoses All the 42 patients with SPNs were pathological diagnosed postoperatively. 12 cases were benign nodules(4/12 were tuberculoma, 6/12 were inflammatory pseudotumor, 2/12 were hamartoma) and 30 cases were malignant nodules(17/30 were adenocarcinoma, 13/30 were squamous carcinoma). 2.5. Statistical methods All data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Because the measured data manifested as skewed distribution, geometrical mean Gà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ logG ±sà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °was calculated in each group after logarithmic transformation had been carried out on each datum. Then, Students t test was performed on both sides. Differences were considered statistically significant at Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“0.05. 3. Result The S-HGF data measured of healthy control group, benign SPNs group and malignant SPNs group is shown in Table 1Table 1 are the measured S-HGF data of healthy control group, benign SPNs group and malignant SPNs group. All the data manifest as skewed distribution(All Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“0.05). Geometrical mean Gà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ logG ±sà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °was calculated in each group after logarithmic transformation had been carried out on each datum(Table 2). TABLE 1 The S-HGF levelà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ pg/mlà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° of healthy control group, benign SPNs group and malignant SPNs group. TABLE 2 The comparison of S-HGF level of each group after logarithmic transformation had been carried out on each datum. aBenign SPNs group vs healthy control group, Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05 bMalignant SPNs group vs healthy control group, Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“0.05 cMalignant SPNs group vs benign SPNs group, Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“0.05 The S-HGF level of benign SPNs group compared with the healthy control group, there were no significant differences (Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). The S-HGF levels of malignant SPNs group were significantly higher than those of healthy control group(Psignificant differences (Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05, Table 3). TABLE 3 The comparison of S-HGF level of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma aSquamous carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma, Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05 4. Discussion Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) from the serum of hepatectomized rats was first partially purified and described by Nakamura in 1984[15]. HGF receptor encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene is a member of the tyrosine kinase class of cell surface receptors. As a kind of cytokine, the hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) has widely biological activities, including regeneration, antifibrosis, cytoprotection, and differentiation[16]. Moreover, HGF is a predominant fibroblast-derived factor that stimulates mitogenesis, motogenesis, and the invasion and metastasis of human carcinoma cells [17]. The growth and metastasis of tumors depend on angiogenesis which is the result of the imbalance of promoters and inhibitors. The S-HGF levels in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were found to be slightly higher than those in normal subjects[18]. So the patients with various liver and gall diseases were first excluded. So far, some studies showed the S-HGF levels were significantly increased in patients with Inflammation, infection, underwent surgery or trauma. Therefore, the patients with inflammation or infection within a month and the patients underwent surgery or trauma within 6 months were both excluded. Johanna et al. [19] had concluded that patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) have a systemic HGF profile reflecting a chronic inflammatory condition with high concentration, but low biological activity, of HGF. Therefore, the patient samples with CRF were also excluded. The S-HGF levels in patients with arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and diabetes mellitus were reported to be significantly higher than that in healthy population. So, the patients with these diseases were excluded as well. Tsao et al.[20] showed the HGF messenger RNA(mRNA) and protein were predominantly expressed by the tumor cells in a high percentage of primary NSCLC. Our study showed serum of the healthy control group contained trace amounts of S-HGF, the S-HGF levels of the patients with benign SPNs were nearly close to the healthy control group(PHGF levels of the patients with malignant SPNs were significantly higher than the healthy control group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05) and the benign SPNs group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). It illustrated that the high level of S-HGF was associated with lung cancer. And it was further confirmed that S-HGF could be expressed by the carcinoma cells in NSCLC. The S-HGF levels of part of patients with squamous carcinoma in the malignant SPNs group were observed to be higher(à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾700pg/ml) and the S-HGF statistical analysis by the statistical difference between the squamous carcinoma group and adenocarcinoma group, for the S-HGF, the median level of the squamous carcinoma group was 370(100-1500)pg/ml while the adenocarcinoma group was 420(100-1550)pg/ml, no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). No further conclusions could be made, in case of the number limitation of the samples. The result confirmation should be amortized awaits further research. Further analysis of the 20 patients with high levels of S-HGF(≠¥250pg/ml), there are 3 patients(15%) with benign SPNs and 17 patients(85%) with malignant SPNs. Furthermore, for the 20 patients, the result shows that 1 patients (6.25%) with benign SPNs and 15 patients (93.75%) with malignant SPNs in the 16 patients with high levels of S-HGF(≠¥400pg/ml), It reveals that an elevated S-HGF level ≠¥250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant and when the S-HGF level ≠¥400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected. Conclusion In conclusion, our study shows significant in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) for the S-FGF assay. The S-HGF levels of malignant SPNs group are significantly higher than the healthy control group(P SPNs group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“0.05). The differences between benign SPNs group and healthy control group have no statistically significant(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). An elevated S-HGF level ≠¥250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant, surgical therapy should be considered. If S-HGF level ≠¥400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected, surgical intervention is recommended without delay. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) from the serum of hepatectomized rats was partially purified and described by Nakamura for the first time in 1984. HGF receptor encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene is a member of the tyrosine kinase class of cell surface receptors. As a kind of cytokine, the hepatocyte growth factor( HGF) has widely biological activities, including regeneration, antifibrosis, cytoprotection, and differentiation[5]. Moreover, HGF is a predominant fibroblast-derived factor that stimulates mitogenesis, motogenesis, and the invasion and metastasis of human carcinoma cells[6]. The growth and metastasis of tumors depend on angiogenesis which is the result of the imbalance of promoters and inhibitors. Sengupta et al[7] had demonstrated that HGF/SF could induce angiogenesis independently of VEGF, possibly through the direct activation of the Akt and ERKs. The S-HGF levels in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were found to be slightly higher than those in normal subjects[8]. So the patients with various liver and gall diseases were first excluded. So far, some studies have found the S-HGF levels were significantly increased in patients with Inflammation or infection, or underwent surgery or trauma. Therefore, the patients with inflammation or infection within a month and the patients underwent surgery or trauma within 6 months were both excluded. Johanna et al[9] had concluded that patients with CRF have a systemic HGF profile reflecting a chronic inflammatory condition with high concentration, but low biological activity, of HGF. Therefore, the patients with CRF were also excluded. The S-HGF levels in patients with arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and diabetes mellitus were reported to be significantly higher than that in healthy population. So, the patients with these diseases were all excluded. Tsao et al[10] had showed that HGF messenger RNA(mRNA) and protein were predominantly expressed by the tumor cells in a high percentage of primary NSCLC. It indicated in our research that the serum of the healthy control group only contained trace amounts of S-HGF, the levels of S-HGF of the patients with benign SPNs were close to those of the healthy control group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05) and the benign SPNs group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). It illustrated the fact that high level of S-HGF was associated with lung cancer. And, it was further confirmed that S-HGF could be expressed by the carcinoma cells in NSCLC. In addition, Nagio et al[11] had proved that the levels of S-HGF of patients with SCLC were significantly higher than those of patients with benign SPNs and healthy subjects. The levels of S-HGF of a portion of patients with squamous carcinoma in the malignant SPNs group were observed to be higher(à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾700pg/ml) and statistical analysis was conducted to fond the statistical difference of S-HGF between the squamous carcinoma group and the adenocarcinoma group. The S-HGF median of the squamous carcinoma group was 370(100-1500)pg/ml and the adenocarcinoma group was 420(100-1550)pg/ml, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups(P>0.05). No firm conclusions could be made, possibly due to the limited number of cases. It is of concern and remains to be further studied. Further analysis was taken in 20 patients with high levels of S-HGF(≠¥250pg/ml), 3 patients(15%) had benign SPNs and 17 patients(85%) had malignant SPNs. Further observation was made, among the 20 patients, there were 16 patients with high levels of S-HGF(≠¥400pg/ml), 1 patients(6.25%) had benign SPNs and 15 patients(93.75%) had malignant SPNs. It reveals that an elevated S-HGF level ≠¥250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant and if S-HGF level ≠¥400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected. Ujiie et al[11] had proved that the levels of HGF in serum could be useful prognostic indicators of the survival of patients with stage III NSCLC undergoing surgery and chemotherapy. Kasahara et al[12] had shown that higher HGF levels were significantly associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of S-HGF could be a sensitive indicator and an independent judgement standard for evaluating the therapeutic effects and the prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Furthermore, understanding the role of HGF in the tumor progression may help in designing new therapeutic strategies for lung cancer. In conclusion, the assay for S-HGF may be of some significance in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs). The S-HGF levels of malignant SPNs group were significantly higher than those of healthy control group(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“0.05). The differences between benign SPNs group and healthy control group had no statistically significant(Pà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾0.05). An elevated S-HGF level ≠¥250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant, surgical therapy should be suggested. If S-HGF level ≠¥400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected, active surgical intervention should be taken. References 1.  Hansell, D.M., et al., Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology, 2008. 246(3): p. 697-722[à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ª13]. 2.  Klein, J.S. and M.A. Zarka, Transthoracic needle biopsy: an overview. J Thorac Imaging, 1997. 12(4): p. 232-49. 3.  Siegel, R., D. Naishadham, and A. Jemal, Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 2012. 62(1): p. 10-29. 4.  Cao, C., et al., A meta-analysis of unmatched and matched patients comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and conventional open lobectomy. Ann Cardiothorac Surg,2012. 1(1): p. 16-23. 5.  Zhan, P., Q. Qian, and L.K. Yu, Prognostic value of COX-2 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis, 2013. 5(1): p. 40-7. 6.  Tong, X., et al., [Clinical experience of the treatment of solitary pulmonary nodules with da vinci surgical system]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi, 2014. 17(7): p. 541-4. 7.  Aberle, D.R., et al., Results of the two incidence screenings in the National Lung Screening Trial. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(10): p. 920-31. 8.  Dalli, A., et al., Diagnostic value of PET/CT in differentiating benign from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules. J BUON, 2013. 18(4): p. 935-41. 9.  Wahidi, M.M., et al., Evidence for the treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer?: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest, 2007. 132(3 Suppl): p. 94S-107S. 10.  Schwarz, C., et al., Value of flexible bronchoscopy in the pre-operative work-up of solitary pulmonary nodules. Eur Respir J, 2012. 41(1): p. 177-82. 11.  Ma, D.C., et al., [Hepatocyte growth factor did not enhance the effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on cardiac repair in a porcine acute myocardial infarction model]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, 2006. 34(2): p. 119-22. 12.  Takigawa, N., et al., Serum hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor levels in small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer, 1997. 17(2-3): p. 211-8. 13.  Ujiie, H., et al., Serum hepatocyte growth f

Social Mobility Essay -- essays research papers

Mobility is the characteristic of every social system. Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families and groups from one social position to another. It may be studied in terms of redistribution of resources and power among the different social strata and its effect on the people involved. In the status societies the social status of the person is determined from his work. Social mobility occurs whenever people move across social class boundaries, from one ⌠occupational level to another. The study of Social Mobility is important for a number of reasons: - 1. It matters to people to get on in life, 2. We can study people's life histories, 3. We can see changes in the class system, 4. The more mobile a society is may show it to be more open and fairer, 5. Mobility affects the way classes are formed, their size and shape. A common sense notion regarding class in the U.S can be represented as a few rich people on the top, few poor people at the bottom, and the middle class majority in the center. Mostly everybody has a comfortable standard of living. If we divide the U.S. population in 5 equal proportions and their corresponding share of the nation ¡Ã‚ ¯s income we get the following:  ¨i  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Top 20% of the population receives 49.1% of the total income  ¨i  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second top 20% of the population receives 24.3% of the total income  ¨i  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Middle 20% of the population receives 15% of the total income  ¨i  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second bottom 20% of the population receives 8.9% of the total income  ¨i  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bottom 20% of the population receives 3.6% of the total income The top 20% of the population have a disproportionate share of the income compared to their share in the population. Looking at the standards of living by consumption the ration between the top 20% and the bottom 20% is 9:1. This comparison illustrates great inequality in US society. It is often said that high levels of inequality is necessary because it stimulates competition, it creates incentives for excellence, and provides rewards for performance. The conflict perspective, on the other hand, argues that people at the bottom won't take it and they will work towards changing the status quo. For instance, poor people may use their vote to elect officials who will represent their interests... ...enturies. It's roots are found in religious literature of around 1200-1000 BC, and, although it has technically been abolished in India, in practice it is still very much alive and thriving. Being either one of these castes, does affect one ¡Ã‚ ¯s position in society and by all means, the social mobility. Although there is not much distinction between the Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, if one is a  ¡Ã‚ °Harijan ¡Ã‚ ± there are obvious hindrances. The term coined by Mahatma Gandhi, literally means  ¡Ã‚ °People of the god ¡Ã‚ ±, and it was meant in every way because these people also called the untouchables, were literally the social outcastes and had nobody ¡Ã‚ ¯s support. Even till today, in Rural India the orthodox people will not even drink water from their hands. However, the government to is making efforts to abolish these distinctions. Social Mobility in India and in the US has a very different concept. In the US, mobility is based on money, i.e. he who has money dominates. However, in India, money doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t play an all-important role. There are other factors that govern social mobility and these factors do need to be looked into because some of these are not fit to exist in the 21st century.

Edward Scissor Hands Essay

Edward Scissor Hands (1990) by Tim Burton, is a romantic fantasy film centred upon a character, Edward (Johnny Depp), an uncommonly gentleman who is in fact an unfinished creation equipped with scissors for hands. Edward is taken in a by a suburban family (the Boggs) and quickly falls in love with the daughter Kim (Winona Ryder). To begin with Edward’s love for Kim is unrequited however as the film progresses we see Kim slowly fall for Edward and their love becomes mutual. Regrettably with Edward being a slightly different and more unusual character, it makes it hard for the two to love each other in solace. A sequence in the film that accurately communicates the difficult relationship between the two is when Edward and Kim share an intimate moment alone while the Boggs family is out searching for Edward. This scenario we witness is different from the typical romance depicted in today’s society and we, as the audience are able to see the awkward love shared between the two characters. I will analyse this sequence through its mise-en-scene, cinematography, narrative, sound, and music and discuss how these concepts help reveal the key ideas of appearance vs. reality as well as Edwards wish to conform to society, focusing particularly on Edward and Kim’s problematic love for one another. This sequence begins just after Kim’s boyfriend Jim (Anthony Michael Hall) verbally attacks Edward calling him a freak and telling him to leave. Edward leaves the Boggs house angrily wandering the neighbourhood until he finds himself sitting alone on the side of the street. A combination of mise-en-scene concepts, lighting and costume are used to portray the director’s intentions. It is late at night and the lighting of this scene is dark and brooding, creating an atmosphere that works well with the feelings of despair and loneliness that Edward is experiencing. Edwards’s costume, which comprises of a full black attire fits well with the setting also as it exactly reflects his mood, this is because we can associate the colour black with sadness and solitude. It seems natural for Edward to be alone as at the beginning of the film we are shown his home, a decrepit gothic castle, situated on the top of the hill far from the rest of the town. Edwards home is cold, dark and uninviting and he lives by himself alluding to the fact that he fits comfortably into this environment where he sits on the pavement also alone. A wide-angle camera shot is used to emphasise Edwards’s loneliness, as we are able to see his surroundings, which reveals only him against the background of an American suburban house, it’s not long before a dog comes and sits next to Edward. Seeing that his fur has over grown his eyes, Edward snips it away so the dog is able to see. Having hands as scissors makes it hard for Edward to do everyday activities such as dressing and using eating utensils. He is constantly impaired and he himself considers his hands as a defect or abnormality. (Sampson). In this scene where he is reflected in a lonely and gloomy space, he easily fits with the setting, making his scissor hands appear less of a physical disability. His actions towards the dog come across as a normal habit for him and we can understand this because he is by himself and not being compared to the other people of the suburban town who are depicted as normal. This brings about the idea of conformity to society, which is a powerful idea uncovered in the film. The townsfolk who although adored Edward at the beginning of the film now somewhat resent him, and this shot that shows Edward alone, simply emphasises his obvious unfitting place in the suburban society. Edward smiles at his work; happy he is able to be in some way useful. However his happiness is cut short when two bright white lights are seen coming round the corner. A swift and quick succession of music begins to play, a repetition, which mimics close to that of a heart beat as the police car approaches round the corner. The sound accurately communicates a certain amount of fear, which we know Edward is experiencing since the police are searching for him and the viewer is able to empathise with Edward. Seeing the vehicle and recognising its significance Edward quickly rises and briskly leaves the pavement and the dog. This shot quickly transitions to Edward arriving outside the Boggs’s house, and we see him looking into the window. The inside of the house is displayed as warm and inviting, with soft lighting. It reflects the life of the Boggs, which is happy, warm and full of love. It contrasts greatly with the outside environment, which is dark, low-spirited and similar to that of Edwards’s life. With him being on the outside of the house we can understand that this mirrors his exact position in society. He constantly feels out of place in this new suburban civilisation that the Boggs family has brought him into. He looks into the house through the window, he puts a hand against the wall. We as the viewers can read this as almost a longing grasp at the life he wishes he could permanently belong to. This again hints at the idea of conforming to society as it portrays Edwards’s desperation to be accepted. Edward unlocks the door with his scissors and walks into what he thinks is an empty house before Kim comes from behind him and puts a hand on his shoulder. Repetitive over the shoulder shots are used to illustrate the two talking to one another and shows where they are in relation to each other. Kim is exposed in a long white dress and illuminated against the background of small brightly lit lanterns and Christmas lights. Her attire suggests innocence and purity, depicting that of an angel. This is how Edward sees Kim in comparison to himself. This image of Kim as an angel is further emphasised when we think back to the ice sculpture that Edward created on the night of the Christmas party, which too was also an angel. The warm lighting behind Kim further explains her as someone with a happy life full of love. Edward in contrast is presented against a dark background, alluding to his difficult and lonely life, which brings many struggles. Still in his black attire, when contrasted with Kim’s white dress, simply emphasises how different their two worlds are and the difficulty of combining the two. This is further made obvious when Kim asks Edward to hold her. Her voice is full of longing and we straightaway can see the obvious love that she holds for Edward. The fact that she at first asks Edward rather than taking her own initiation suggests she is aware of the danger Edwards hands pose but she is not afraid of him. To begin with he tries, bringing his scissor hands up around her head, the desperation for him to hold her is obvious as his scissors twitch around Kim trying to find a way to embrace her. At the same time we see that as Kim gets closer, Edward has a paralysing fear in his eyes. This same fear is reciprocated in his eyes when Peg (Dianne Wiest), Kim’s mother, first applies makeup to his face after she brings Edward back to their family home. It is here that we are able to identify with the idea of appearance vs. reality. Edward is revealed as a monster simply by the costume he wears and having scissors as hands. His appearance shows a lack of humanity however the reality of Edward is in fact that he posses many characteristics associated with any normal human being. Although Edward wants to accept Pegg’s warmth and affection, he is afraid because it is not something he has grown up with. He has lived alone basically his whole life and the thought of being appreciated by someone is something he fears although at the same time craves. His scissors actively impair him from being close to a person romantically, which is why it is hard not to assume Edward is a monster. We can understand that Edward is afraid of adult emotions such as love, due to his solitary upbringing, and so finds it hard to demonstrate these feelings. This is perhaps lessened when we think back to the ice sculptures Edward creates as mentioned earlier, and can understand that these are perhaps an attempt to show his unfathomable fondness for Kim. Although he cannot connect with Kim on an emotional level, he can still make his affection known to her through an outward display of it. In turn because Edward cannot touch Kim directly without hurting her but he can â€Å"touch† her through the snow that falls upon her. (Sampson) This just shows how Edward does not and never will fit into normal society, no mater how hard he try’s they will not accept him. The audience can sympathise with the fact that his appearance communicates the opposite of his true compassionate nature. Although he is not fully human he does posses most characteristics. In saying this, Edwards exclusion from society means that Edward and Kim’s worlds are just to opposite to unify. Seeing the evident danger and impossibility of him safely embracing Kim in his arms Edward eventually replies, â€Å"I cant.† Edward walks away from Kim, obviously dis heartened at the impossibility of the two ever being able to love one another like a normal couple. He stands at the window and looks out into the darkness. It is obvious that Edward is milling over the fact that there love will never work and by his looking out the window into the familiar darkness, he knows that their worlds are too separate and out there is where he belongs. A melodic and gradual ascending piece of music plays in the background; it has a sad tone to it allowing the viewer to empathise with the impeded love the two share. The ascent of the piece comes to a climax when Kim makes her way over to Edward, unfolds his arms and lays herself upon his chest. It is this moment here that the viewer builds hope for the possibility of the two working out. By Kim finding a way for Edward to hold her we can appreciate that they have found a way to love. This scene just emphasises the reality of Edwards’s character and his ability to love. The music piece climaxes with a tone that produces a sense of liberation and joy. A zoom is used to move into a close up of Edwards face as his head rests on top of Kim’s and we can see that finally he feels some sort of peace. The two hold one another and the viewer is able to feel a sense of optimism that they will be able to be together. Not only this but the close up allows us to see the many scars on Edwards face. We can understand that this scarring could represent the emotional scarring of Edwards several failed attempts to meet the expectations of the social society. (Sampson) Because he is such an outcast it is a lot more difficult to manipulate social situations, meaning he struggles to conform and this is the crux of why Kim and him are unable to work as we hoped. Through the collaboration of mise-en-scene and all the film conventions I have described that were used in this sequence, the viewer is easily able to understand the difficult yet reciprocated love between Edward and Kim. From the start of the sequence where we see Edward sitting alone on the pavement we can sympathise with his guiltless nature explored as he only wishes to be a normal human. We see him help the dog out by trimming his hair and this further shows that Edward means no harm by anyone. Edwards return to Kim’s house demonstrates the infatuation he holds for Kim and his desperate attempt to see her. We witness Kim ask Edward to hold her and see his difficult yet extremely desired attempt to express his love to her through embracing. He fails to do this and the sequence ends with Kim taking it upon herself to fold herself into Edwards’s arms. From this very short yet significantly important sequence the viewer is able to see the difficult love shared between the two characters. The sequence exposes the obvious social barriers that prevent the two from loving in peace and the viewers find themselves empathising for Edwards’s desperate attempts to fit into society and be with his true love Kim Boggs. We witness Edwards’s compassionate and caring side that lies behind his gothic appearance, allowing the viewer to read into the idea of a ppearance vs. reality. Bibliography: Sampson, Cory. Tim Burton Collective. 12 September 2013 . Filmography: Edward Scissorhands. Dir. Tim Burton. 20th Century Fox, 1990.

Essay on Egyptian Art and Culture - 2468 Words

Egyptian Art and Culture Current scholarship generally acknowledges that art does not exist in a vacuum. Rather, art is an expression of the culture which creates it, revealing common beliefs, aspirations, and feelings. Within the vein of cultural art history the true nature of ancient Egypt has become the focus of much questioning. Much has been said regarding this ancient civilization within the context of the continent of Africa. The focus has not been merely geographic—although some scholars contend that the physical location of Egypt has been all but overlooked. At the core of this controversy is the issue of ethnicity and culture. What was the identity of the people who built and populated ancient Egypt?1 Many scholars decry the†¦show more content†¦Shu and Tefnut, representing Space in its dual aspects, male and female, were of the first generation. They in turn engendered Geb and Nut—earth and sky, who gave birth to Osiris, Horus, Seth, Isis, and Nepthys and they gave birth to the multitudes of this world.4 In another version, the creation was understood in its first state as metaphysical, attributed to Atum. On the spectrum, creation progressed each step closer toward matter. Myth often relates the story of Ptah, the divine blacksmith, who brought materialization to the entities created by Atum. And, to Khnum, the divine potter, who modeled men and things from clay on his potter’s wheel.5 It is within this framework that the Egyptians conceived of what it meant to be human. A distinction was made between the aspects of a human being of that which was eternal and that which was subject to cycles of death and rebirth. According to funerary texts, humans are composed of a mortal body, called the kha, and three immortal elements known as the akh, ba, and ka. These have been translated as the spirit, soul, and double. More current interpretation assigns a less specified role for each entity. Regardless of the translation, an understanding of the concept of creation by the divine, imparting multiple aspects to each being was necessary to the Egyptian use of art to represent themselves and deities. The personification of theShow MoreRelated Egyptian Art Essay893 Words   |  4 Pages Egyptian Art was once considered to be unchanged, when viewing this art as a whole. Egyptian Art seems to be repetitive pattern of images and ideas. Yet all of these images are uniquely different. Ranging from 3000b.c to 50b.c. Taking the same principles through out the entire period. Which consists of Old, Middle and New Kingdoms. Each dynasty had a different addition to the basic concepts that were established in the beginning, ideas of the artist grew faster and better. Many cultures shared fromRead MoreThe Importance of Animals and Symbolism in Ancient Egyptian Art1611 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Egyptians are known for many of the incredible aspects of their culture and everything they have made. Some of the well known ancient Egyptian relics are the ones like the ancient pyramids, the Great Sphinx of Giza, mummies, and their many forms of art. Ancient Egyptian art, most commonly the paintings, are one of the most recognized styles of art. Not only is Egyptian art beautiful, but it carries a huge deal of value and significance with it. A great portion of the time, the art has someRead MoreSimilarities in the Artwork of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece941 Words   |  4 Pages The artworks of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece have similarities that not only reflect objects and images, but also the media, style and representation. These countries were not always wealthy, clever, creative and powerful enough to gain supplies, but they all find a way to create art with what they had. They have all influenced on each other’s cultures and belief through their artistic values and ways, ranging from the materials and tools they use, positionRead MoreAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very1200 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very similar. They had cities, a relatively high standard of living, music, arts , religion, writing, and literature.They both developed at the same time . However, they differed in important and some different ways, especially in terms of culture, politics, rel igion, art and architecture. Also, they have the geography which is their located differently. Egypt lies on the fertile Nile River valley ,Read MoreDesign And Innovation : The Sphinx Of Taharqo1171 Words   |  5 PagesDESIGN AND INNOVATION: THE SPHINX OF TAHARQO INTRODUCTION: Since its establishment, the British Museum has been an iconic symbol of human culture, art, and history. It was built around 263 years ago and has served as the storehouse for many iconic discoveries over the centuries (Caleca, 1979). With a collection of almost 8 million artifacts and historical objects, it s hard to choose one. Each object has its own value in the museum and reflects the ancient times (Caleca, 1979). In this paper, weRead MoreEgyptian Art vs. Sumerian Art Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not help the issue. When looking at both Egyptian and Sumerian art, there is certainly a resemblance to some degree. Both are from before our time, and both express the beliefs and culture of their respective lineage. But if you delve deeper, you can certainly start to see a difference. Egyptian art is known widely for its hieroglyphics, while Sumerian art may be seen as focusing more on the naturalistic views on the human form. Both these cultures deserve the utmost respect, for their artworkRead MoreWhat Is Art? Art996 Words   |  4 Pages What is art? Art is a difficult word to describe, because it means something a tad bit different to everyone you encounter. The official definition of art according to the Oxford Dictionary is â€Å"the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.† The only problem with this definition is that it is very open ended, creativity and imaginationRead MoreAncient Greek Architecture : The Doric Style And The Ionic Design Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesstyle is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands. 2). The ushabti (also called shabti or shawabti, with a number of variant spellings, Ancient Egyptian plural: ushabtiu) was a funerary figurine used in Ancient Egypt. These earliest examples had no spells inscribed or other specific words for their purpose, but were nevertheless expected to perform work on behalf of the dead. Model stone statuettesRead MoreCompare/Contrast 2 Ancient Sculptures782 Words   |  4 PagesFor this essay I have chosen two sculptures, each from a different culture that I am very fond of, to compare and contrast. The first piece that I chose is an Egyptian sculpture of royalty (picture on the left). This statue represents an eternal existence reflected in its emotionless calm and enduring serenity. In this statue Menkure and His Chief Queen from the Old Kingdom’s 4th Dynasty are depicted; it is thought to have originally stood on the processional causeway leading to Menkure’s pyramidRead MoreAncient Egyptian Art And Art Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Egyptian sculpture was influential for the time and as well as today through many methods including various sculpture and pottery ranging from colossal obelisks to tiny pieces of pottery. Egyptian developments in sculpture and pottery show aspects of religion, the spreading of their culture, and advanced design. Egyptian sculptures was influenced by their religion through many methods. One of these methods were the obelisks, there happened to be specific rules for them as they were after

Essay on The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R. Tolkien

The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R. Tolkien Lord Acton once said, Power corrupts, but absolute power corrupts absolutely. He was probably referring to the powerful kings and queens who held power over many people. But, we could see how power is something many of the characters in Tolkiens story are trying to have and hold onto in some form or another. In The Fellowship of the Ring J.R.R. Tolkien tells us a story about Frodo Baggins who is ordered by Gandalf to destroy the powerful ring discovered accidentally by his older cousin, Bilbo. Like the rest of the hobbits, Frodo has lived quite peacefully and well, not having to worry about how dark and dreary the rest of Middle Earth was becoming under Saurons growing power. Now, Frodo,†¦show more content†¦It would possess him (70). After having said this, he tells Frodo how this ring of doom originated. Clearly, Gandalf is wise enough to know that behind all that power lies weakness and evil. Even if one might first use the ring for something good and meaningful to others , it will eventually possess that person and make that person the slave to the ring. Galadriel even knows this quite well. Frodo offers her the ring, since he believes she deserves it the most and also knows how to control it. When Frodo tells her this, Galadriel seems to be strongly tempted to take the power offered by Frodo. She tells him, For many long years I had pondered what I might do, should the Great Ring come into my hands, and behold! (431). The exclamation point reveals to us how Galadriel might be really taken in by the thought of power at this moment and how raptured she is in this thought. But, she too is wise as Gandalf is. In the end, she even tells Frodo, We will not speak more of it (431). She knows that even speaking about such power can bring about destruction. Interestingly though, Galadriel seems to be almost crazy at this moment, presenting herself to Frodo while relating to him what good she could bring to her elves. The ring is so alluring. Too much of a go od thing cannot last long. She isShow MoreRelatedEssay about J.R.R Tolkien and The Fellowship of the Ring997 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Ronald Reuel Tolkien, better known as J.R.R. Tolkien, was born on January third 1892 in Bloemfontein South Africa and was the son of Arthur and Mabel Suffield Tolkien. After his fathers death in 1896 Tolkiens mother moved herself and her two children, J.R.R (at the time called Ronald) and his younger brother Hilary to Sarehole near Birmingham. When Tolkien was twelve his mother died and he and his brother were sent to live with one of their relatives when a Catholic priest became their legalRead MoreThe Myth about Tolkien Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lord of the Rings is racist. It is soaked in the logic that race determines behavior.† (Ibata 2). Many people have tried to perpetuate the myth that J.R.R. Tolkien was racist. They cite various scenes in The Lord of the Rings, in both the books and in the movies. These people are l ying or ignorant. J.R.R. Tolkien was not a racist, nor did he ever intend for his novels to be viewed as such. There is plenty of evidence to defend Tolkien from these claims such as: the themes of his novels, likeRead More J.R.R. Tolkien Biography Essay examples1521 Words   |  7 Pages J.R.R. Tolkien was born in South Africa, although he considered himself a British man throughout his adulthood. He experienced World War I firsthand in the trenches. He was a professor of Old English and other archaic languages and had a strong love for such languages. Tolkien also felt a strong tie for his homeland, England, and desired to create mythology for England. Tolkien was able to write the first modern fantasy novel through his life experiences and his love for archaic languages andRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings2072 Words   |  9 PagesThe Lord of the Rings series is arguably John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s (aka J.R.R. Tolkien) most notable work. J.R.R. Tolkien’s story was impactful due to his creation of rich, profound mythological worlds. His religious and moral beliefs are carefully crafted into the narrative by representation of Christian-inspired themes such as sin, salvation, redemption, etc. The series’ influence expanded past the written work into a film trilogy written by Peter Jackson. The films further explored the story’sRead MoreThe Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pagesstory The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings written by J.R.R. Tolkien has been read and loved by many and will be enjoyed by many more in the years to come. Tolkien was an amazing linguist and author. He will be remembered for his great imagination and intriguing stories. His interest in language was the spark that led to the creation of The Lord of the Rings (Hodges 33-35). Tolkien led an interesting life that influenced his books greatly. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3Read MoreThe Lord Of The Rings1383 Words   |  6 PagesLord of the Rings is an enchanting story with masterful use of setting and sensational characters that engages readers and can move them to experience life in a deeper way. As a child J.R.R. Tolkien lived in Africa until his father passed away. Then his mother moved them to England. Mrs. Tolkien made certain that her children learned literature and languages. It was probably due somewhat to his mother’s influence that Tolkien became who he was: an author and a linguist (Corday). Tolkien had a specialRead More J. R. R. Tolkien Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesThree Rings for the Elven-Kings under the sky, Seven for the dwarf lords in their halls of stone, Nine for mortal men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord in his dark throne. In the Land or Mordor where the shadow lies. One Ring to rule them all, One ring to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them. In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie†¦ (J.R.R. Tolkien, Rings) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These are the most famous recognized lines in The Lord of the Rings, J.R.RRead MoreThe Tyger, The Lamb and Lord of the Rings1031 Words   |  4 PagesThere is an immense amount of symbolism used throughout both poems, and many different things can be taken away about the author’s thoughts religion, nature, and the battle between good and evil in one’s mind. In the novel, The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R Tolkien, there is seemingly a lot left up in the air about religion and the symbolism of nature, but when read the way the author intended, there are a few very strong themes that resemble those portrayed in â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Lamb†. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Lord Of The Rings Series845 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Lord of the Rings series by J.R.R Tolkien, heroism is a prominent theme throughout. There is not one sole hero. Tolkien doesn’t present the books with just one hero, but a combined effort of many different heroes. He could have easily made the story just about Aragorn, Gandalf, Frodo, or Sam A hero is a person who overcomes adversity to achieve a quest that changes his society for good in the dramatic way. In classic literature a hero is usually portrayed as an epic hero. The epic heroRead More J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesJ.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings â€Å"One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the Darkness bind them† (Tolkien, The Two Towers 233)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the masters of British Literature, J.R.R. Tolkien was able to create a fantasy world with an endless supply of parallelisms to reality. The fantasy world was found in the â€Å"Lord of the Rings.† Tolkien is able to create wonderful symbolism and meaning out of what would otherwise be considered nonsense.

State of Mind Affects Macbeth Essay - 1083 Words

In court, a criminal will commonly make the statement that they were in the wrong state of mind when they committed the crime, to lessen their punishment. In fact, a person’s state of mind can affect their actions, and the actions of others towards them. Authors commonly use a persons state of mind to embellish actions of a character or to better explain changes in the character. William Shakespeare uses state of mind to assist in the degeneration of the protagonist Macbeth in the tragedy Macbeth. Macbeth is a brave, loyal and strong Scottish general in the Middle Ages, more specifically the eleventh century, who despite his power on the battlefield was swayed easily to the tragic life of a murderer by the three predictions of three†¦show more content†¦In other words, Duncan is Macbeth’s king and his guest, therefore Macbeth should be preventing murderers from reaching Duncan instead of murdering Duncan himself. At this point in the play Macbeth’s state of mind is confused, his hunger for power wants him to murder Duncan but his conscious goes against it. The fact that his couscous still goes against murder means the degeneration of his character has not begun, yet in the rising action this loyalty disappears. With Duncan on his way to Inverness Macbeth’s wife persuades Macbeth to follow through with the murder so that he can be King and live a wonderful life. It is at this point in the story that Macbeth under goes his start into his character degeneration. In a second soliloquy, after Macbeth has just been convinced by his wife to follow through with the murder, he see an imaginary dagger covered with blood. He feels that this is a sign that he should go through with the murdering of Duncan. His thirst for power then drives him to pull out his own dagger; â€Å"I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw. Thou marshallst me the way that I was going, And such an instrument I was to use†(II, I, 40-4 3). Macbeth’ state of mind in this soliloquy has changed from the last soliloquy a great deal, reflecting his start into degeneration. Macbeth has gone from confused and indecisive to crazed and power hungry. After committing the murder of Duncan Macbeth isShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe tragic hero Macbeth loses everything he has including his sanity in the classic Shakespeare play Macbeth. The crimes he commits are not Macbeth’s fault because of the other factors that affect his actions. The witches and Lady Macbeth are responsible for the crimes since they influence Macbeth in several ways throughout the play. Macbeth becomes caught up in all the manipulating words and his actions are not his fault. Macbeth is not guilty for the crimes in the play Macbeth. The witches andRead MoreWitches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeths Responsibility for Macbeth’s Downfall1490 Words   |  6 PagesWitches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeths Responsibility for Macbeth’s Downfall Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth shows the downfall of a wrongfully crowned king. But his downfall is not solely due to himself. There are other characters in the play that are part of his downfall. If it weren’t for them, the play would not work. They are part of a chain, one leading to another. The play would not have ended in the same manner, even if one of these characters hadn’t played their partRead MoreAnalysis Of The Banquet Scene720 Words   |  3 Pagescloser analysis. Let the chart below guide your reading, and be sure to justify your answers to the questions using specific detailed evidence from the text. Examine the text: When Macbeth learns that Banquo has been assassinated but Fleance has escaped, he uses figurative language to describe his state of mind. He says, â€Å"Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect; whole as the marble, founded as the rock, as broad and general as the casing air: but now, I am cabin’d, cribb’d confin’d,Read MoreThe Importance of the Theme of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of the Theme of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth The supernatural in Elizabethan times was seen as a very real threat to society. The public thought that there were such things as witches who could perform acts of the supernatural such as turning humans into animals and causing changes in the weather. Any mention of the supernatural in these times scared the public and many people, mainly women, were executed on the thought that theyRead MoreThe Struggle Of Mental Illness1212 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, takes place in Scotland and features famous characters like Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Banquo. Macbeth, the tragic hero, is a power hungry Thane whom seeks kingship. However, he lacks ambition and his wife attempts to urge him towards this edge. As Macbeth is urged toward ambitious ways, he commits the murder of Duncan, the king. From this point on, the reader notices Macbeth’s mind starts to deteriorate. As the tragedy continues, the reader also notices Macbeth is not the onlyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare921 Words   |  4 Pagesother end of the spectrum, Macbeth must deal with the moral uncertainty of the actions he does commit. When he goes to kill Duncan, the dagger appears, which he judges to be â€Å"A dagger of the mind, a false creation /Proceeding from the heat oppressà ¨d brain† (II.i.38-39). It i s something that has materialized because he has a humoral imbalance. This is the â€Å"psychic distress† Roychoudhury says, â€Å"threatens often to undo the protagonists† (218). Because his mind is not right, Macbeth goes down a path of self-destructionRead MoreEssay on Macbeth Issues867 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth, there are many issues that may have had an affect on the play. The complex marriage between the power hungry Macbeths, lady Macbeth’s dominant character directing Macbeth in the murders, the role reversal during the murders, Macbeth’s reaction to his wife’s death, and male and female marriages for authority. When analyzed these issues help describe the Macbeth’s relationship. They are the very issues that eventually lead to the â€Å"Great Tragedy†. The relationship of Macbeth and LadyRead MoreLady Macbeth960 Words   |  4 Pagestime of fast decisions and unsure actions is going to expose them to danger or injury. In the play Lady Macbeth proves this to be true. The emotional mistakes shredded the journey Lady Macbeth puts down throughout this play and eventually ends in her death. She feels overpowered by everything that is happening in two ways, both mentally and physically and decides to end her own life. Play Macbeth by William Shakespeare shows two proper ordinary nobles whose lives twisted together in a whirlwind ofRead MoreEssay on Ambition in Macbeth734 Words   |  3 Pages Ever since he heard the prophecies that promised him power, Macbeth’s mind has been descending into a disoriented state as times passed. In the duration of Acts 1 and 2, Macbeth, under the influence of Lady Macbeth and his own ambition, has changed from being a rational, level-headed man to one of questionable integrity. With Macbeth’s coronation, not only does his inner turmoil affect his mentality, but also his behaviour and senses. Scotland is immersed in more chaos by Macbeth’sRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Macbeth, written by Shakespeare, is about a courageous Scottish general, who strikes with the prophecies by trio witches and his wife spurs that makes him strive for ambition, which eventually leads to his death. Niccollo Machiavell says â€Å"Ambition is so powerful a passion in the human breast, that however high we reach we are never satisfied.† An ambitious person chooses different ways to become successful, either good or sinister way, but depending on the situation. As life consists of

Law Of Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries Ltd †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Law Of Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries Ltd. Answer: Issue To determine the damages to be paid to Adam Rule In the case of Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (1949) 2 KB 528 the issue before the court was to determine the damages to be paid to the plaintiff by the defendant. The plaintiff in this case had made a claim for extraordinary losses which was incurred by him due to the breach of contract done on the part of the defendant. In this case the defendant failed to make a delivery of goods on time and the plaintiff as a result lost cleaning contract. The court in this case held that the plaintiff was only entitled to any ordinary losses incurred by him and not for the extra ordinary loss of profit. This is because losses would only be recoverable in situation where the defendant possessed adequate information which would impose the liability of the loss on him. In this case the defendant did not possess such information. In the case of Hadley v Baxendale (1854) EWHC J70 the defendant had been hired by the plaintiff for the purpose of supplying a broken shaft to the engineer immediately so that new shaft could be made. Unless a new shaft was made the plaintiff factory was not able to carry out its operations. In this case there was a failure on the part of the defendant to supply the shaft to the plaintiff on time. The plaintiff sued the defendant for all losses which had been incurred by him. However the claim of the plaintiff has been rejected by the court on the ruling that only those losses which would be reasonably foreseen by the defendant are liable to be compensated. In the case of Nutbrown v Thornton (1804) 10 Ves 159 the issue before the court was to determine the damages which were to be paid to the plaintiff with respect to the breach of contract committed on the part of the defendant. In this case due to the breach of the defendant the plaintiff would suffer heavy losses as the machinery in context of the contract was not readily available elsewhere. Taking into account the circumstances of the situation the court in this case order specific performance according to which the defendant had to supply the rare machinery to the plaintiff with respect to contractual remedies. The court was faced with similar situation in the case of Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169. However the decision of the court in this case was different. In this case the court denied specific performance to the plaintiff on the notion that the goods in context of the contract were ordinary commercial articles and had no specific interest all values does the question of specific performance in this case does not arise. In addition the intention of the buyer in this case was resell the goods. In the case of Posner v Scott-Lewis [1987] 3 All ER 513 and application has been granted by the court in relation to specific performance with respect to a lesser Convent towards employing a resident portal to perform Particular duties. In this case the court had made a distinction with the case of Ryan v Mutual Tontine where supervision in relation to the execution of an undertaking was required. However in the current situation neither continuous series of actions or personal services were needed. On the other hand only executions of an agreement consisting of provision for the services were required. In the case of Wolverhampton Corp v Emmons [1901] 1 KB 515 the plaintiff had acquired a property for the purpose of an improvement scheme and sold a part of the property to the defendant who had agreed to build new house on the property. The plaintiff acquired house plans however the defendant refused to continue the work. In this case the court awarded specific performance in favour of the plaintiff as the obligation of the defendant has been defined precisely by the plants and damages in this situation would not be adequate as a position of the site was with the defendant and the plaintiff would not be able to complete the work through the employment of a different contractor. Application In the given situation it has been provided that there was an agreement between Adam and Edwin for the purpose of purchasing a 1925 Rolls Royce. Edwin was a dealer of Vintage cars. The contract was entered into by Edwin and Adam for the sale of the car at the price of $500,000. However Edwin found out that there was another person who was looking for the same model and was prepared to pay $700,000 for the car. In this situation he refused to sell the car to Adam. It is clear from the facts of the case that the car is rare and damages would not be able to act as a proper remedy for the breach of contract done by Edwin as Adam would not be able to procure the car from elsewhere. Taking into account the circumstances of the contract the court would award specific performance in favour of Adam which would force Edwin to sell the car to him at the stipulated price of $500,000 as per the Nutbrown v Thornton and Wolverhampton Corp v Emmons case. However in situation where the car in contacts was a late model Mercedes Benz the court in this situation would not allow specific to Adam for the breach of contract done by Edwin. This is because Adam would be able to procure the Mercedes Benz model easily from elsewhere as per the Cohen v Roche case. Conclusion Adam can get specific performance for Rolls Royce Adam cannot get specific performance for Mercedes Benz References Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169 Hadley v Baxendale (1854) EWHC J70 Nutbrown v Thornton (1804) 10 Ves 1 Posner v Scott-Lewis [1987] 3 All ER 513 Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (1949) 2 KB 528 Wolverhampton Corp v Emmons [1901] 1 KB 515